Umthofu emanzini okuphuza ubeka engcupheni enkulu yezempilo, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni. Idatha yezempilo yomphakathi yase-UK ixhumanisa ukuchayeka kokushoda kwe-neurodevelopmental kanye nokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha.Ukufakwa kwe-valveeyenziwe ngezinto ezingenamthofu isiza ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa. Imikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe iqinisekisa ukulethwa kwamanzi aphephile futhi ivikela abantu abasengozini emiphumeleni eyingozi.
Okuthathwayo Okubalulekile
- Ukufakwa kwama-valve angenawo umthofu okuqinisekisiwe, njengalezo ezinemvume ye-WRAS, kuqinisekisa amanzi okuphuza aphephile ngokuvimbela ukungcoliswa komthofu nokuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zezempilo zase-UK.
- Ukukhetha izinto ezifanele njengethusi le-DZR, insimbi engagqwali, noma amapulasitiki aqinisekisiwe kuthuthukisa ukuqina kwamavalvu futhi kuvikela ikhwalithi yamanzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
- Ukuhlola njalo nokugcinwa kahle kwezinsimbi zamavalvu kusiza ukuvimbela ukuvuza nokugqwala, kunwebe impilo yesistimu nokuvikela impilo yomphakathi.
Ukuqinisekiswa Nokuphepha Kokufakwa Kwevalvu
Ukuvunyelwa kwe-WRAS kanye Nemithethonqubo Yamanzi Okuphuza yase-UK
Ukugunyazwa kwe-WRAS kumi njengophawu lokuphepha nokuhambisana nezinhlelo zamanzi okuphuza zase-UK. I-Water Regulations Advisory Scheme (WRAS) iqinisekisa ukuthi ukufakwa kwamavalvu kuhlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile zokuvikela impilo yomphakathi. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo kumele zingabi nobuthi futhi ziphephe emanzini aphuzwayo, zivikele ukungcola kuzo zonke izigaba. Abakhiqizi baklama ama-valve ukumelana nokugqwala nokuwohloka, okuqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwesikhathi eside. Ukuthobela Imithetho Yokuhlinzeka Ngamanzi Yase-UK (Ukufakwa Kwamanzi) kuhlala kuyisibopho kukho konke ukufakwa.
Ukufakwa kwamavalvu okugunyazwe i-WRAS kufanele kuhlangabezane nemibandela ethile ebalulekile:
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphephile, ezingenabo ubuthi ezifanele amanzi okuphuza
- Ukufaneleka kwemishini kanye nokumelana nokugqwala
- Ukulinganisa okufanele ukuze kuhambisane nezidingo zamapayipi nokugeleza
- Izilinganiso zokucindezela nezinga lokushisa ezihambisana nezidingo zesistimu
- Izinhlobo zokuxhuma ezihambisanayo, njenge-BSP ecushiwe noma izifakelo zokuminyanisa
- Amadokhumenti esitifiketi se-WRAS aqinisekisiwe ngaphambi kokufakwa
Ukufakwa kwamavalvu okuhlangabezana nalawa mazinga kusiza ukugcina ikhwalithi yamanzi nobuqotho besistimu. Idizayini nezinto ezisetshenziswayo akumele zisabele ngamanzi noma zikhiphe izinto eziyingozi. Isitifiketi se-WRAS sinikeza isiqinisekiso sokuthi umkhiqizo ngeke uphazamise ukuphepha kwamanzi noma ukwethembeka.
Amazinga Omhlaba Wokufakwa Kwevalvu
Ukufakwa kwamavalvu okusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamanzi okuphuza kufanele kuvame ukuthobelana nezindinganiso zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe. Izitifiketi ezimbalwa ezaziwa emhlabeni wonke ziqinisekisa ukuphepha komkhiqizo nokusebenza ezifundeni ezahlukene. Lokhu kubandakanya:
- I-Kiwa Water Mark (Netherlands): Isitifiketi semikhiqizo ethintana namanzi okuphuza
- I-NSF (eNyakatho Melika): Isitifiketi samapayipi kanye nemishini ethinta amanzi okuphuza
- I-WRAS (Great Britain): Isitifiketi sokuthobela imithetho yase-UK yamanzi
- I-DVGW-W270 (eJalimane): Isitifiketi esihlanganisa ukuhlolwa kokukhula kwe-bacteriological
- I-ACS (France): Imvume eyisibopho yezinto ezithinta amanzi okuphuza
- I-WaterMark (i-Australia ne-New Zealand): Isitifiketi esiyisibopho semikhiqizo yamapayipi namapayipi amanzi
| Inombolo Ejwayelekile | Incazelo | Ububanzi |
|---|---|---|
| ISO 1452-4:2009 | Amasistimu wamapayipi epulasitiki wokuphakelwa kwamanzi — PVC-U — Ingxenye 4: Amavavu | Imboza ama-valve e-PVC angenaplastiki asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuphakelwa kwamanzi |
| ISO 1452-5:2009 | Amapayipi epulasitiki wokuphakelwa kwamanzi — PVC-U — Ingxenye 5: Ukufaneleka ngenjongo | Iqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwesistimu ngenjongo ehlanganisa ama-valve |
| ISO 2531:1998 & 2009 | Amapayipi ensimbi, izinsimbi, izinsimbi namajoyinti okufaka amanzi | Icacisa izimfuneko zama-valve ensimbi ye-ductile kanye nokufakwa |
| I-ISO 11177:2016 & 2019 | Ama-enamel e-Vitreous kanye ne-porcelain - Ama-valve anamelled kanye nokufakwa kwamanzi aphuzwayo | Izidingo zekhwalithi kanye nokuhlolwa kwama-valve enamelled emanzini |
Izitifiketi zomhlaba jikelele ezifana ne-ISO, ASTM, ANSI/ASME, DIN, JIS, API, NSF, kanye ne-DVGW zihlanganisa izidingo eziningi. Lawa mazinga abhekana nobukhulu, izinto zokwakha, ukuhlola, ukusebenza, nokuphepha. Izitifiketi eziqondene ne-UK, okuhlanganisa Amazinga e-British (BS) kanye ne-BSI Kitemark, zigxile emithethweni kazwelonke nokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi. I-BSI Kitemark yaziwa e-UK nakwamanye amazwe, isekela isitifiketi se-CE saseYurophu. Izindinganiso zase-UK zivame ukuvumelana nezinkambiso zaseYurophu kanye ne-ISO kodwa zigcina izidingo ezihlukile zokufakwa okuthile. Ukugunyazwa kwe-WRAS kugcizelela ukuhambisana nemithethonqubo yokuphakelwa kwamanzi yase-UK, iqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ihlangabezana kokubili nezilinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe nezikazwelonke.
Kusho Ukuthini Isitifiketi Ngempilo Nokuthobelana
Ukuqinisekiswa kokufakwa kwamavalvu kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthotshelweni kwezomthetho nasekuvikeleni impilo yomphakathi. Isitifiketi se-WRAS siqinisekisa ukuthi amavalvu awangcolisi amanzi aphuzwayo noma abangele ukungcola, okuhambisana nemithethonqubo yokunikezwa kwamanzi yase-UK. Abahlinzeki bamanzi bathembele emikhiqizweni egunyazwe i-WRAS ukuze bagweme imiphumela engokomthetho, efana nenhlawulo noma ukushushiswa. Ama-valve angaqinisekisiwe angaholela ekungcoleni, ekuhlulekeni kokusebenza, kanye nezijeziso ezingokomthetho.
| Isici | Incazelo |
|---|---|
| Imfuneko Yomthetho | Ukufakwa kwamanzi kufanele kuhambisane Nemithetho Yokufakwa Kwamanzi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa, ukumosha, nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamanzi e-England nase-Wales. |
| Iqhaza Lokugunyazwa | Isitifiketi se-WRAS sinikeza isiqinisekiso sokuthi ukufakwa kwamavalvu kuhlangabezana nalawa mazinga asemthethweni futhi kufanelekile ukufakwa. |
| Ukuphoqelela | Abahlinzeki bamanzi base-UK, njenge-United Utilities, banomsebenzi osemthethweni wokuphoqelela le mithetho ngokuhlola ukufakwa kwamapayipi kanye nokukhipha izaziso zokungathobeli. |
| Imiphumela Yokungathobeli | Ukwephulwa kwemithetho yicala lobugebengu elingaholela ekushushisweni, ezinyathelweni zokuphoqelela okuhlanganisa nokunqanyulwa kwamanzi, kanye nezijeziso ezingokomthetho. |
| Ukusekela Ukuthobela | Ukunikeza isitifiketi kusiza abahlinzeki bamanzi ukuthi baqinisekise ukuthotshelwa kokufakwa, ukusiza ukuhlola kanye nezinyathelo zokuphoqelela ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi. |
I-WRAS iyinhlangano yokugunyazwa eyakhiwe abahlinzeki bamanzi base-UK. Bakhuthaza ukuthotshelwa kweMithethonqubo Yokuhlinzekwa Kwamanzi (Izifakelo Zamanzi). Ukusebenzisa ukufakwa kwamavalvu okugunyazwe yi-WRAS kuyindlela enokwethenjelwa kakhulu yokubonisa ukuhambisana nokugwema izingozi ezingokomthetho.
Ukufakwa kwama-valve okuqinisekisiwe kusiza abahlinzeki bamanzi ukugcina ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle kwesistimu. Isitifiketi sisekela ukuhlolwa nokuphoqelela, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ethobelayo kuphela engena emakethe. Le nqubo ivikela impilo yomphakathi futhi isekela ubuqotho bokunikezwa kwamanzi okuphuza e-UK.
Ukukhetha Ukufakwa Kwevaluvu Okungaholeli, Okuvuzayo Okungavuzi
Ukubaluleka Kwezinto Ezingenamthofu Ekufakweni Kwevaluvu
Izimpahla ezingenawo umthofu zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni impilo yomphakathi. Imithetho yase-UK, okuhlanganisa ne-Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999, ibeka izindinganiso eziqinile zezinto ezihlangana namanzi okuphuza. Abakhiqizi baklama okokufakwa kwamavalvu besebenzisa ama-alloys afana ne-dezincification-resistant (DZR) brass, ekhawulela okuqukethwe okuholela ekubeni kungabi ngaphezu kuka-0.25% ngesisindo ezindaweni ezimanzi. Le ndlela ihambisana neziqondiso zombili zase-UK kanye ne-European Union, iqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi okuphuza ahlala engenazo izinto eziyingozi. I-DZR yethusi inikeza ukuqina nokumelana nokugqwala, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kwezinhlelo zamanzi aphuzwayo. Insimbi engagqwali namapulasitiki athuthukile nawo ahlinzeka ngezinye izindlela ezingenamthofu, ezisekela ukuhambisana nokuphepha kwesikhathi eside.
Ithiphu: Njalo qinisekisa ukugunyazwa kwe-WRAS lapho ukhetha ukufakwa kwamavalvu. Lesi sitifiketi siqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uhlangabezana nezindinganiso zezempilo nezokuphepha zase-UK zokuqukethwe okuholayo nekhwalithi yezinto ezibonakalayo.
Izinto Ezivamile Ezingaholeli Ezisetshenziswa E-UK Ukufakwa Kwevalve Yamanzi Okuphuza:
- I-Dezincification-resistant (DZR) yethusi
- Insimbi engagqwali (amabanga 304 no-316)
- Amapulasitiki ahlanganisiwe (afana ne-PVC, i-PTFE, ne-polyurethane)
Izinhlobo Zokufakwa Kwe-Valve Yezinhlelo Zamanzi Okuphuza
Ukufakwa kwe-valve kusebenza imisebenzi ehlukene ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zamanzi okuphuza zase-UK. Ukukhethwa kuncike kuhlelo lokusebenza, isilawuli sokugeleza esidingekayo, kanye nokuhambisana nezingxenye zesistimu. Ukufakwa kwamapayipi kufanele kuhambisane nobubanzi bepayipi ukuze kuvinjwe ukuvuza nokugcina ukugeleza kwamanzi ngendlela efanele. Ukuhambisana kwempahla kuhlala kubalulekile, njengoba kuthinta kokubili ukuphepha nokuqina.
| Uhlobo Lwevalvu | Incazelo kanye nesicelo |
|---|---|
| Ama-Ball Valves | Ukugeleza kokulawula kwe-disc eyindilinga; ehlala isikhathi eside enophawu oluhle kakhulu; ilungele izidingo zokuvala okuqinile. |
| Hlola ama-Valves | Vimbela ukubuyela emuva; qinisekisa ukugeleza kokuqondisa okukodwa; okubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukungcola; sebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo. |
| Amavalvu Okunciphisa Ingcindezi | Ukunciphisa ukucindezela kwamanzi angenayo kumazinga aphephile; vikela amapayipi ekulimaleni nasekuvuzeni; gcina ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu. |
| Amavalvu esango | Isetshenziselwa ukumisa ngokuphelele ukugeleza kwamanzi; elungele ukulungiswa noma ukuvala ucingo oluphuthumayo; ukubekwa uphawu okuqinile nokuvikelekile. |
| Ama-Butterfly Valves | Lawula ukugeleza nge-disc ejikelezayo; ilula futhi ingabizi; esetshenziswa kumapayipi anobubanzi obukhulu; ukuvala ngokushesha. |
| Ama-valve e-Solenoid | Ilawulwa ngogesi; esetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezizenzakalelayo zokulawula ukugeleza okunembile; okujwayelekile ekusetshenzisweni kwezentengiso/kwezimboni. |
Imizimba yamavalvu ingase isebenzise ithusi elingenamthofu, insimbi engagqwali, noma amapulasitiki ayinhlanganisela. Izivalo zivame ukufaka i-NBR (I-Nitrile Buna Rubber) yoketshezi olungathathi hlangothi noma i-EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) yokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu. Izinto eziqinisekisiwe ezifana ne-PVC ne-polyurethane zinconywa ngamapayipi nama-couplings, okuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuqina.
Ukuhambisana Kwezinto Ezibalulekile Nokuqina
Ukuhambisana kwezinto kuthonya ngokuqondile isikhathi sokuphila nokuthembeka kokufakwa kwama-valve. Ithusi nensimbi engagqwali kunikeza amandla aphezulu emishini, kodwa ukukhetha okungafanele kungaholela ezinkingeni zokugqwala. Ithusi elimelana ne-dezincification limelana nokugqwala futhi ligcina amandla, kuyilapho insimbi engagqwali inikeza ukumelana okuhle kakhulu ngaphandle kwasezindaweni ezine-chloride ephezulu, lapho ukubhoboza kungase kwenzeke khona. Amapulasitiki afana ne-PTFE aletha ukumelana kwamakhemikhali okuvelele futhi avimbele ukuwohloka.
Ukufakwa kwamavaluvu kuvivinywa kanzima ngaphansi kwesitifiketi se-WRAS, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa, ukuhlolwa kokukhula kwe-microbial, nokuhlaziywa kokukhipha insimbi. Lezi zivivinyo zilingisa izimo zomhlaba wangempela, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinto azizithinti kabi ikhwalithi yamanzi noma ukuqina kwesistimu. Ozakwethu be-OEM basekela abakhiqizi abanolwazi lobuchwepheshe, ukusiza ukugcina ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kuwo wonke umjikelezo wempilo.
Qaphela: Imiklamo eyi-Hybrid ehlanganisa izinsimbi namapulasitiki akhulisa kokubili ukuqina nokusebenza. Ngaso sonke isikhathi cabanga ngamakhemikhali athile amanzi kanye nezimo zemvelo lapho ukhetha izinto zokwakha.
Ukufaka, Ukunakekela, kanye Nokuvimbela Ukugqwala
Ukufakwa ngendlela efanele nokugcinwa okuvamile kwandisa isikhathi sokuphila sokufakwa kwamavalvu futhi kuvimbele ukugqwala. Ukuhlola okuvamile kusiza ukuthola izimpawu zokuqala zokuguga, ukugqwala, noma umgodi. Ukuhlola okubonakalayo kokushintsha kombala nokuvuza eduze kwezimpawu kuqinisekisa ubuqotho besistimu. Izindlela zokuhlanza zihlanganisa ukuxubha ngemishini, ama-agent amakhemikhali aphephile, nokugezwa ngamanzi noma izincibilikisi.
Ama-opharetha asebenzisa izembozo zokuzivikela ukuze avikele ama-valve esimweni sezulu esibi. Izilawuli zemvelo ezifana nokulawula umswakama kanye nokufakwa kwezinga lokushisa kuyehlisa kunciphisa ingozi yokugqwala. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-corrosion inhibitors-anodic, cathodic, mix, noma volatile-kuvikela ama-valve ngesikhathi sokugcina nokusebenza. Ukwelapha okungaphezulu njenge-epoxy, PTFE, i-polyamide, ne-polyurethane coatings kuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala.
- Ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kokugqwala, ukuguga, nokuvuza
- Ukuhlanza nokuhlanza ukususa amadiphozithi
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezembozo zokuvikela kanye nokulawula imvelo
- Ukusetshenziswa kwama-corrosion inhibitors kanye nama-surface coatings
Ingozi yokugqwala iyanda ngamazinga okugeleza aphansi, okubangela ukuthi izinto eziqinile zihlale futhi zidale imifantu. Amazinga okugeleza aphezulu angase aholele ekugugulekeni nase-cavitation. I-Ceramic linings kanye ne-polyurethane coatings kuthuthukisa ukumelana nale miphumela. Ukugcinwa kokuvimbela nokuqapha isimo kuhlala kubalulekile ekwandiseni i-valve nokuphila kwepompo ezinhlelweni zamanzi okuphuza.
Izifakelo zamavalvu aqinisekisiwe, angenawo umthofu, avuzayo zivikela impilo yomphakathi, zisekela ukuphepha kwamanzi, futhi zilethe inani lesikhathi eside.
| Zuza | Umthelela |
|---|---|
| Ukuqina | Ukuhlola okubanzi kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile nokonga amanzi. |
| Ukuphepha Kwamanzi | Izinto ezingenabo ubuthi, ezimelana nokugqwala zivimbela izingozi zokungcoliswa. |
| Ukuzethemba Kwekhasimende | Isitifiketi sakha ukwethenjwa kubahlinzeki bamanzi nobuqotho besistimu. |
FAQ
Kusho ukuthini ukugunyazwa kwe-WRAS ekufakweni kwamavalvu?
Ukugunyazwa kwe-WRAS kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukufakwa kwamavalvu kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha kwamanzi e-UK. Basebenzisa izinto ezingezona ubuthi futhi bahlolwa kanzima. Abahlinzeki bamanzi bathemba imikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe ye-WRAS ukuthi iyahambisana.
Ithiphu: Njalo hlola isitifiketi se-WRAS ngaphambi kokufaka.
Yiziphi izinto eziqinisekisa ukufakwa kwama-valve angenawo umthofu?
Abakhiqizi basebenzisa ithusi le-DZR, insimbi engagqwali, namapulasitiki aqinisekisiwe. Lezi zinto zimelana nokugqwala futhi azisusi izinto eziyingozi. Basekela ukuphepha kwamanzi isikhathi eside.
- I-DZR yethusi
- Insimbi engagqwali
- Amapulasitiki e-PVC kanye ne-PTFE
Opharetha kufanele bahlole kangaki izixhumi zamavalvu?
Ama-opharetha kufanele ahlole ukufakwa kwamavalvu njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Ukuhlola okuvamile kusiza ukuthola ukuvuza, ukugqwala, nokuguga. Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kuvimbela ukungcola futhi kwandise impilo yesistimu.
| Imvamisa Yokuhlola | Isenzo Esinconyiwe |
|---|---|
| Njalo ezinyangeni eziyisi-6 | Ukuhlola okubonakalayo kokuvuza |
| Minyaka yonke | Hlanza futhi uhlole ukusebenza |
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-13-2025