Ukufakwa Kwamapayipi Ezimboni: Izinhlobo, Izinto Zokusebenza kanye Nezicelo

Isingeniso

Ukukhetha ukufakwa kwamapayipi okulungile kuthinta okungaphezu kwendlela amapayipi axhuma ngayo. Ezinhlelweni zezimboni, ukufakwa kunquma indlela yokugeleza, ukulahlekelwa yingcindezi, ukusebenza kokuvala, imvamisa yokugcinwa, kanye nokuphepha ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezidinga amandla. Lesi sihloko sichaza izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokufakwa, izinto ezisetshenziswayo ukuzenza, nokuthi inketho ngayinye ifanelana kanjani kangcono kuzo zonke izitshalo zenqubo, izinsiza, kanye nezimboni ezinkulu. Ekugcineni, uzoba nohlaka olusebenzayo lokuqhathanisa izindololwane, ama-tee, ama-reducer, ama-coupling, kanye nezingxenye ezihlobene ngokusekelwe ezimweni zesevisi, ukumelana nokugqwala, amandla, kanye nezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza.

Kungani Izinto Zokufaka Amapayipi Ezimboni Zibalulekile

Ukufakwa kwamapayipi ezimboni kusebenza njengama-node abalulekile ngaphakathi kwamanethiwekhi okuthutha uketshezi ayinkimbinkimbi. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ukuxhuma, ukuqeda, ukulawula, noma ukushintsha indlela yokugeleza kwezinhlelo zamapayipi kuyo yonke imikhakha kusukela ekucutshungulweni kwe-petrochemical kuya ekuhlanzweni kwamanzi kamasipala.

Incazelo kanye nendima ezinhlelweni zamapayipi

Ukufakwa kuhlanganisa isigaba esibanzi sezingxenye—njengezindololwane, ama-tee, ama-reducer, nama-valve—alawula ngqo ukuguquguquka koketshezi. Ekugijimeni okujwayelekile kwamapayipi ezimboni okungamamitha ayi-1,000, kufika ku-30% wokwehla kwengcindezi okuphelele kungabangelwa ngokuphelele ukungqubuzana okulethwa yizihlanganisi. Lokhu kugcizelela umthelela wazo ojulile ngobukhulu bephampu, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kanye nokusebenza kahle kohlelo lonke.

Umthelela ekuthembekeni, ukuphepha, kanye nesikhathi sokungasebenzi

Ukuqina kwesakhiwo sezinto zokufaka kunquma umkhawulo wokuphepha womsebenzi wonke. Ukwehluleka kokufakwa kokucindezela okuphezulu kungabangela ukuvuza okubi kakhulu, okuveza izindawo ekuchithekeni kwezinto eziyingozi kanye nokuphazamiseka okungahleliwe. Imininingwane yemboni ikhombisa ukuthi ukuvuza okuhlobene nokufakwa kanye nokuhlanganiswa okungafanele kwamajoyinti kubangela cishe u-15% kuya ku-20% wokukhishwa kwegesi okubalekayo ezitshalweni zokucubungula amakhemikhali, okwenza imininingwane efanele ibe yinto ebalulekile ekuhambisaneni nemvelo, ukuphepha kwabasebenzi, kanye nokunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi.

Izindleko kanye nokucabangela umjikelezo wokuphila

Nakuba ukufakelwa kungase kumelelwe u-10% kuya ku-15% kuphela wezindleko zokuqala zemali kuphrojekthi enkulu yokufakelwa kwamapayipi, kuthinta ngokungalingani isabelomali sokulungisa isikhathi eside. Ukucacisa ukufakelwa okunempilo yokuklama yeminyaka engu-20 esikhundleni sendlela eshibhile, yebanga eliphansi yeminyaka emi-5 kunganciphisa izindleko zokushintsha umjikelezo wokuphila kuze kufike ku-60%. Lokhu kubalwa kuveza izindleko zokushintsha ngqo kanye nomsebenzi, izidingo ze-scaffolding, kanye nemali engenayo yokukhiqiza elahlekile ehlotshaniswa nokuguqulwa kwesitshalo okuhleliwe.

Izinhlobo Zokufakwa Kwamapayipi Ezimboni

Ukwakheka kwejometri kanye nendlela yokuxhumanisa ye-fitting kunquma ukufaneleka kwayo ezidingweni ezithile ze-fluid dynamic, izimo zokuhlanganisa, kanye namashejuli okulungisa.

Izimo nemisebenzi yokulinganisa evamile

Ukuma kwe-fitting kunquma ukuthi uketshezi luhamba kanjani ohlelweni. Izindololwane (ngokuvamile ezikhiqizwa ngama-engeli angu-45° no-90°) zishintsha indlela yokugeleza, kuyilapho ama-tee kanye ne-cross ehlukanisa noma ehlanganisa imifudlana yokugeleza. Ama-reducers transition pipe diameters alawula ijubane loketshezi, eza ngokulungiswa okugxilile (okulinganayo) kanye nokungavamile (okungalingani). Ama-eccentric reducers afakwa ngqo emigqeni yoketshezi evundlile enehlangothi eliyisicaba phezulu ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwesikhwama somoya, okubalulekile ekugcineni ikhanda lokumunca iphampu elizinzile.

Izindlela zokuxhumanisa nokuthi uzisebenzisa nini

Izindlela zokuxhumanquma isivinini sokuhlanganiswa kanye nokubekezelela okuphezulu kokucindezela. Ukufakwa kwe-Butt-weld kunikeza ubuqotho besakhiwo obuphezulu kakhulu bemigqa yokucindezela okuphezulu (ngokuvamile edlula i-3,000 psi) kodwa kudinga ukuhlolwa kokushisela kanye ne-radiography okunekhono eliphezulu. Ukufakwa kwe-socket-weld kukhethwa kumapayipi amancane e-bore (ngaphansi kwamasentimitha angu-2 NPS) lapho ukuchitheka kwe-weld yangaphakathi kufanele kugwenywe. Ukuxhumeka okunezintambo (njenge-NPT noma i-BSPT) kuvumela ukuhlanganiswa okusheshayo ezinhlotsheni eziphansi zokucindezela, ezingabalulekile, kuyilapho ukuxhumeka kwe-flanged kusiza ukulungiswa njalo kanye nokuhlukaniswa okusheshayo.

Uhlobo kanye nokuqhathaniswa koxhumano

Ukukhetha uhlobo lokufaka olufanele kudinga ukuqhathaniswa okuqondile kwemikhawulo ebonakalayo, izinto zokuhlanganisa, kanye nezidingo zokusebenza.

Ithebula 1: Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezindlela Zokuxhumanisa Zokufaka

Izinto Zokufakelwa Kwamapayipi Ezimboni

Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kungenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokucacisaukufakwa kwamapayipi ezimboniI-alloy noma i-polymer ekhethiwe kumele imelane nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwe-media, ububanzi bokushisa bokusebenza, kanye nephrofayili yokucindezela kwangaphakathi ngaphandle kokuvumela ukuwohloka okusheshayo.

Izinto ezivamile kanye nokusetshenziswa okuvamile

Insimbi yekhabhoni (isb., i-ASTM A234 WPB) iyindlela yokusebenza embonini, ethandwa kakhulu ezindaweni ezingagqwali, ezicindezela kakhulu njengomusi kanye nokuthuthwa kwamanzi. Insimbi engagqwali (njengezigaba 304/304L kanye no-316/316L) inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okubalulekile; I-316L iqukethe ngqo i-molybdenum engu-2% kuya ku-3% ukumelana nokufakwa kwe-chloride. Kwabezindaba abanolaka kakhulu, kusetshenziswa ama-alloys angaphandle njenge-Hastelloy, i-Monel, noma i-Titanium. Ngokuphambene nalokho,izinketho ezingezona ezensimbinjenge-PVC, i-CPVC, kanye ne-PTFE zibusa ukusetshenziswa kobumsulwa obuphezulu kanye ne-asidi ezisebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi noma aphezulu ngokumaphakathi.

Ukushintshana kwezinga lokushisa, ukugqwala, kanye nokucindezela

Onjiniyela bahlala belinganisela imikhawulo yokushisa, ukumelana nokugqwala, futhi bakhiqiza amandla uma kuqhathaniswa nesabelomali sokuthenga. Isibonelo, ngenkathi insimbi yekhabhoni ejwayelekile ilahlekelwa amandla amakhulu okudonseka ngaphezu kuka-400°C (750°F), izinsimbi ze-alloy ezifakwe i-chromium kanye ne-molybdenum (njenge-P11 noma i-P22) zigcina ukuqina kwesakhiwo kuze kufike ku-600°C (1,112°F). Kodwa-ke, lezi zengezo ze-alloy zingandisa izindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa ngo-150% kuya ku-300% uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi yekhabhoni eyisisekelo. Ngokufanayo, ngenkathi amapulasitiki enikeza ukumelana kwe-asidi okumangalisayo, amandla awo okuphatha ingcindezi ehla ngokushesha njengoba amazinga okushisa esondela ku-93°C (200°F).

Ukuqhathaniswa kokukhethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo

Ithebula elilandelayo libonisa imikhawulo yokusebenza kanye namaqiniso ezomnotho wezinto ezifanelana kahle.

Ithebula 2: Ukushintshana Kokusebenza Kokusebenza Okubalulekile

Izindinganiso Zokukhetha kanye Nezicelo

Ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezindinganisweni zobunjiniyela kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukufakwa kuzosebenza ngendlela ebikezelwayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Izinhlangano zezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zinikeza izinhlaka ezilawula ubukhulu, izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nezilinganiso zokushisa kwengcindezi.

Izici zokukhetha eziqondene nohlelo lokusebenza

Uhlobo loketshezi oluthuthwayo lunquma izidingo zejometri kanye nokuphela kwendawo. Ama-slurries ahlaselayo ezimayini adinga ukufakwa odongeni olusindayo olunezingqimba ezingagugi, kuyilapho ukusetshenziswa kwe-biopharmaceutical kudinga insimbi engagqwali ehlanzekile kakhulu (UHP). Ezindaweni zemithi, ukuqeda kwendawo yangaphakathi kumele kupholishwe ngogesi kube isilinganiso sobukhulu (Ra) esingama-microinches angu-15 noma ngaphansi ukuvimbela ukuhlangana kwamagciwane nokuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka okuphelele.

Amakhodi, amazinga, kanye nezilinganiso zokucindezela

I-American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) isetha izinhlaka eziyinhloko zobukhulu kanye nengcindezi ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni jikelele. Izembozo ze-ASME B16.9izinto zokubopha izintambo ezenziwe efektri, kuyilapho i-ASME B16.11 ilawula ukufakwa okuhlanganisiwe (ukushisela amasokisi kanye nokufakwa kwentambo). Izilinganiso zokucindezela aziphelele; ukufakwa okuhlanganisiwe kwe-Class 3000, isibonelo, kuhambisana nobukhulu bodonga lwamapayipi e-Schedule 80, kodwa ingcindezi yayo yokusebenza ephezulu kakhulu evumelekile (MAWP) iyashintsha ngokuqondile njengoba amazinga okushisa okusebenza ekhuphuka. Ngokufanayo, ama-flange alawulwa yi-ASME B16.5 abona amandla awo okucindezela ehla kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kuzo zonke izigaba ze-Class 150 kuya ku-Class 2500.

Inqubo yokukhetha ukufakwa kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo

Inqubo yokucacisa ilandela ukulandelana okuqondile ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuhambisana. Okokuqala, onjiniyela bachaza imikhawulo yemidiya, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokusebenza, kanye nokucindezela okuphezulu kokuphakama. Okwesibili, ishejuli yepayipi edingekayo (ubukhulu bodonga) ibalwa ngokusekelwe ku-MAWP. Okwesithathu, isigaba sokufaka esihambisanayo kanye nohlobo lokuxhuma kuyakhethwa (isb., i-Schedule 40 butt-weld noma i-Class 3000 threaded). Okokugcina, ukuhambisana kwezinto kuyaqinisekiswa ngokumelene namatafula okugqwala embonini, okuqinisekisa ukuthi imvume yokugqwala elindelekile ihlala ingaphansi kuka-0.1 mm ngonyaka womjikelezo wokuphila ojwayelekile weminyaka engama-20.

Indlela Yokwenza Isinqumo Sokugcina Sokuthenga

Ukushintsha kusuka ekucacisweni kobunjiniyela kuya ekuthengweni kudinga ukuhlola kokubili umkhiqizo obonakalayo kanye nokuthembeka kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka. Ukucaciswa okuphelele ngokwezibalo akusizi ngalutho uma umhlinzeki eletha izingxenye ezingabekezeleleki noma ehluleka ukunikeza amadokhumenti afanele ensimbi.

Izindlela zokuhlola ubuchwepheshe kanye nokuthola imithombo

Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi kuyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthola izinto. Abathengi kumele bagunyaze imibiko yokuhlolwa kwezinto (ama-MTR) ukuthi ihambisane ne-EN 10204 Type 3.1 ukuqinisekisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nezakhiwo zemishini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzinza kweketanga lokuhlinzeka kusho ukuthi kuhlolwa inani elincane le-oda (i-MOQ) lomkhiqizi kanye nezikhathi zokuhola. Kuma-fittings ajwayelekile ensimbi yekhabhoni, isikhathi sokuhola samaviki ama-2 kuya kwayi-4 sivamile, kanti ama-alloy angaphandle enziwe ngokwezifiso angadinga amasonto ayi-16 kuya kwangama-24, okungase kuphazamise amashejuli ephrojekthi uma engatholakali ngendlela efanele. Amanani amukelekayo okukhubazeka kufanele axoxiswane ngokuqinile esivumelwaneni senkonzo enkulu, kugxilwe ngaphansi kuka-0.5% wezingxenye ezibalulekile zengqalasizinda.

Uhlu lokuhlola izinqumo zokugcina

Amaqembu okuthenga kufanele asebenzise i-matrix yokuhlola eqinile ngaphambi kokukhipha i-oda lokuthenga. Lokhu kuhilela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umhlinzeki unezitifiketi ze-ISO 9001 ezisebenzayo kanye nezitifiketi ze-API noma ze-ASME ezifanele. Kudinga ukubhekisela kumazinga ezinto ezicashuniwe, ubukhulu, kanye nezigaba zokucindezela ngokumelene nomdwebo wokuqala wamapayipi kanye nezinsimbi (i-P&ID). Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathengi kumele baqinisekise imininingwane yezokuthutha, kufaka phakathi amazinga okupakisha (njengokuvikelwa kwe-plastic end-cap yezingxenye ze-butt-weld ezibekiwe ukuvimbela umonakalo wokuhamba) kanye nokutholakala kwamaphuzu okugcina okuhlolwa komuntu wesithathu (i-TPI) ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Iziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesizathu sokufakwa kwamapayipi ezimboni
• Imininingwane, ukuhambisana, kanye nokuhlolwa kwengozi okufanele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuthi uzibophezele
• Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezisebenzayo kanye nezixwayiso abafundi abangazisebenzisa ngokushesha

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Yiziphi izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokufaka amapayipi ezimbonini?

Izindololwane zishintsha indlela, ama-tee ahlukanisa noma ahlanganise ukugeleza, ama-reducer ashintsha usayizi wepayipi, kanti ama-cap noma ama-plug aqeda imigqa. Khetha ngokusekelwe endleleni yokugeleza, ingcindezi, kanye nezidingo zokulungisa.

Yikuphi ukufakelwa okungcono kakhulu kwensizakalo yokugqwala noma yokushisa okuphezulu?

Insimbi engagqwali iyindlela evamile yokumelana nokugqwala nokushisa. Ukuze uthole izinto eziqinile, qinisekisa izinga eliqondile kanye nokuhambisana noketshezi lwakho, izinga lokushisa, kanye nezimo zokucindezela.

Kufanele ngisebenzise nini i-butt-weld esikhundleni se-threaded fittings?

Sebenzisa i-butt-weld emigqeni enomfutho ophezulu, ehlala njalo, noma ebalulekile. Sebenzisa izintambo ezinezintambo ezinhlelweni ezincane nezinomfutho ophansi lapho ukufakwa okusheshayo nokugcinwa okulula kuyizinto eziza kuqala.

Ngingayikhetha kanjani i-reducer efanele yomugqa oqondile woketshezi?

Sebenzisa i-eccentric reducer enecala eliyisicaba phezulu ukuze unciphise ingozi yamaphakethe omoya. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina ukumuncwa kwephampu okuzinzile kanye nokugeleza koketshezi okubushelelezi.

Ingabe i-nbfh-metal.com ingahlinzeka ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuxhumanisa amapayipi ezimboni?

Yebo. i-nbfh-metal.com inikeza ukufakwa kwensimbi yezimboni kanye nezinketho zokuxhuma ezihlobene. Qondanisa uhlobo lokufakwa nosayizi wepayipi lakho, isigaba sokucindezela, izinto zokwakha, kanye nendawo yesevisi ngaphambi koku-oda.