Ukufakwa Kwepayipi Lensimbi Engagqwali: Izinhlobo, Ukusetshenziswa kanye Nezinzuzo Eziyinhloko

Isingeniso

Ukufakwa kwamapayipi kuvame ukunquma ukuthi uhlelo lwamapayipi luhlala luthembekile yini ngaphansi kwengcindezi, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, kanye nezimo ezigqwalisayo. Ukufakwa kwensimbi engagqwali kusetshenziswa kabanzi ngoba kuhlanganisa amandla omshini nokumelana kwesikhathi eside ne-oxidation, amakhemikhali, kanye nokungcola okuhlobene nokuhlanzeka. Lesi sihloko sichaza izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokufakwa, lapho zivame ukusetshenziswa khona, nokuthi kungani ukukhethwa kwezinto kubalulekile ezisetshenziswayo zezimboni, zezentengiselwano, kanye nezokuhlanzeka. Siphinde sigqamise izinzuzo ezisebenzayo njengokuvimbela ukuvuza, ukuqina, ukuhlanzeka, kanye nokugcinwa okuncishisiwe, okusiza abafundi baqonde ukuthi ukufakwa okufanele kusekela kanjani izinhlelo zokuphatha uketshezi eziphephile nezisebenza kahle.

Kungani ukufakwa kwamapayipi ensimbi engagqwali kubalulekile ezinhlelweni zezimboni

Kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lokuphatha uketshezi lwezimboni, ukuhamba okuqondile kwepayipi akuvamile ukubangela ubuhlungu obukhulu. Ubuthakathaka bangempela busezinhlakeni, ekuphendukeni, nasemagatsheni. Ukufakwa kwepayipi lensimbi engagqwali kusebenza njengezicubu ezixhumanisayo ezibalulekile kulezi zinhlelo, zibamba yonke into ndawonye ngenkathi zilawula ukugeleza koketshezi, izinguquko zokucindezela, kanye nokucindezeleka kwesakhiwo. Lapho kubhekene namakhemikhali anolaka, amazinga okushisa aphezulu, noma izidingo zobumsulwa obuphezulu, insimbi yekhabhoni noma ipulasitiki ejwayelekile ngeke nje ikunqume.

Onjiniyela nabaklami bezinhlelo bathembele kakhulu ensimbi engagqwali ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okubikezelwayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlelo lusebenza ku-150 PSI ejwayelekile noma ludlula ku-6,000 PSI emugqeni we-hydraulic onomfutho ophezulu, ukufakwa kwensimbi engagqwali okulungile kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo luhlala luvaliwe futhi luphephile. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zingxenye zisebenza kanjani ezingeni le-granular kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokwakha ingqalasizinda yamapayipi ehlala amashumi eminyaka hhayi izinyanga.

Umthelela engcupheni yokugqwala

Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi insimbi engagqwali ichazwe kunezinye izindlela ezishibhile ukumelana kwayo ne-oxidation kanye nokuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali. Lokhu kumelana kuvela kungqimba lwe-chromium oxide oluziphilisayo oluncane kakhulu (ngokuvamile oluyi-1 kuya ku-3 nanometer ubukhulu) olwakheka ebusweni bensimbi. Uma nje kukhona umoya-mpilo okhona, lolu ngqimba olungasebenzi luyavuseleleka uma luklwejwa noma lushintshwa ngomshini.

Kodwa-ke, ingozi yokugqwala ayivamile ukuba yi-zero. Ezindaweni zezimboni, ukuhlaselwa kwendawo njengokugqwala kwemigodi noma ukugqwala kwemisele kuyizinto ezihlala zisongela, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezicebile nge-chloride. Ukuze kuvikelwe okuyisisekelo ezindaweni ezingengozini, ama-alloy angenasici ajwayelekile athola izinga lokugqwala elingaphansi kwama-intshi angu-0.002 ngonyaka. Kodwa lapho bebhekene namanzi anosawoti noma ukucubungula amakhemikhali, onjiniyela bavame ukubheka i-Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN). I-PREN engaphezu kwama-23 ngokuvamile iyadingeka ukunciphisa izingozi zokugqwala ekusetshenzisweni okuyisisekelo kwasolwandle noma kwe-chloride ephezulu, okubonisa izinga elithile le-alloy elidingekayo ekufakweni.

Izimboni ezithembele kuzo

Imikhakha ehlukene idinga ukufakwa kwensimbi engagqwali ngezizathu ezihluke ngokuphelele. Ezimbonini zokudla, iziphuzo, kanye nezokwelapha, inhlanzeko iyisici esiyinhloko. Lezi zindawo zidinga ukufakwa kwenhlanzeko okuneziphetho zangaphakathi ezicwebezelisiwe—ngokuvamile ezichazwe ngesilinganiso sobukhali (Ra) esingaphansi kwama-micrometer angu-0.8—ukuvimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane nokuvumela izinqubo ze-Clean-in-Place (CIP).

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imikhakha yokukhiqiza uphethiloli, uwoyela negesi, kanye nogesi ithembele ensimbi engagqwali ngamandla ayo omshini emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Indawo yokuhluza ingasebenzisa izinto zokufakelwa ezingenasici ezisindayo (Ishejuli 160) ukuze iphathe ukucutshungulwa kwe-hydrocarbon ku-800°F kanye nokucindezela okungaphezu kuka-3,000 PSI, kuyilapho indawo ye-LNG ecryogenic ithembele ezintweni ezifanayo ngoba insimbi engagqwali igcina ukuqina kwayo (ngokuvamile igcina amandla omthelela angaphezu kwama-40 Joules) futhi ayibi buthakathaka ku--320°F. Izitshalo zokwelashwa kwamanzi kanye nokususa usawoti nazo zisebenzisa inani elikhulu lalezi zinto zokufakelwa ukuze zilwe nohlobo olunamandla lwezinqubo ze-reverse osmosis, ezivame ukusebenza phakathi kuka-800 no-1,200 PSI.

Izinhlobo zokufakwa kwamapayipi ensimbi engagqwali

Ukufakwa kwamapayipi ensimbi engagqwali akuyona into efanela wonke umuntu. Kuyizingxenye ezikhethekile kakhulu ezenzelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ethile yejometri neyemishini ngaphakathi kohlelo lwamapayipi. Usayizi ungahluka noma yikuphi kusukela kokufakwa kwezinsimbi ezincane ezingama-intshi angu-1/8 kuya ezingxenyeni ezinkulu ezingama-intshi angu-24 noma ezinkulu ezisetshenziswa ezindlini ezinkulu zezimboni.

Ukuhlukanisa lezi zihlanganisi kuvame ukwehla ngezici ezimbili eziyinhloko: lokho okwenziwa yi-fitting ngokomzimba ekugelezeni koketshezi, nokuthi inamathela kanjani epayipini eliseduze. Ukuxuba uhlobo loxhumano olungalungile noma i-geometry kungaholela ekuvinjelweni kokugeleza, ukwehla kwengcindezi, noma ukuvuza okubi kakhulu.

Izinto zokufaka ukushintsha isiqondiso, ukuhlanganisa amagatsha, kanye nokunciphisa

Izinto ezishintsha indlela, ezihlukanisa amagatsha, noma ezishintsha usayizi wepayipi zakha ingxenye enkulu yanoma iyiphi impahla yamapayipi. Izindololwane yizona ezivame kakhulu, ezivame ukutholakala ngama-engeli angu-45-degree kanye nama-90-degree, okuvumela amapayipi ukuthi azulazule ezinkingeni zesakhiwo. Izindololwane ezinde ze-radius (lapho i-radius ephakathi nendawo iphindwe ka-1.5 kunosayizi wepayipi ojwayelekile) zivame ukuthandwa ukunciphisa ukwehla kwengcindezi yokungqubuzana, kuyilapho izindololwane ezimfushane ze-radius (eziphindwe ka-1.0 kunosayizi wepayipi ojwayelekile) zisetshenziswa ezinkingeni zesikhala eziqinile.

Uma umugqa udinga ukwahlukana noma ukuhlangana, kusetshenziswa ama-tee nama-cross. Ama-tee ahlinzeka ngegatsha elingama-degree angu-90 ukusuka emzileni oyinhloko, futhi ama-cross avumela ukuhlangana kwezindlela ezine, yize engavamile ngenxa yamaphuzu okucindezeleka ayinkimbinkimbi awadalayo. Ekugcineni, ama-reducer aguqula amapayipi asuke kububanzi obukhulu aye kobuncane. Ama-concentric reducers alingana futhi asetshenziswa ekugijimeni okuqondile, kuyilapho ama-eccentric reducers enohlangothi olulodwa oluyisicaba, okwenza afaneleke kakhulu ekugijimeni okuvundlile ukuvimbela amaphakethe omoya noma egesi ukuthi akheke phezulu kwepayipi.

Ukuxhumeka okunentambo, ukushintshwa kwesokhethi, ukushintshwa kwe-butt, kanye nokucindezela

Indlela esetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa ukufakwa epayipini ibaluleke kakhulu njengesimo sokufakwa. Ukuxhumeka okunezintambo, okuvame ukuba ne-National Pipe Thread (NPT), kuvamile kumapayipi amancane (ngokuvamile amasentimitha ama-2 nangaphansi). Kulula ukuyifaka nokuyiqaqa kodwa kulula ukuvuza ezindaweni ezidlidliza kakhulu noma ezishisa kakhulu.

Ukufakwa kwe-socket weld kuhilela ukufaka ipayipi endaweni egobile ye-filt bese usebenzisa i-fillet weld ezungeze ingaphandle. Lokhu kunikeza i-joint eqinile, engavuzi uma iqhathaniswa nezintambo, evame ukusetshenziswa emigqeni efinyelela kuma-intshi angu-4. Ukufakwa kwe-butt weld, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kudinga ukuthi ipayipi kanye nokufakwa kuhlanganiswe kahle (ngokuvamile nge-engeli engama-degree angu-37.5) futhi kuhlanganiswe kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni. Lena indinganiso yegolide yepayipi elinomfutho ophezulu, elinobubanzi obukhulu (Ishejuli 10 kuya ku-160) ngoba linikeza ukugeleza kwangaphakathi okubushelelezi kakhulu kanye nobuqotho besakhiwo obuphezulu kakhulu.

Ukufakwa kokucindezelasebenzisa uhlelo lwe-ferrule oluluma ipayipi lapho inathi iqinisiwe. Lezi zisetshenziswa cishe kuphela emigqeni yezinsimbi zodonga oluncane, ngokuvamile oluyi-intshi eyodwa noma ngaphansi, okuvumela ukuhlanganiswa okusheshayo ngaphandle kwesidingo semishini yokushisela.

Ukuqhathaniswa kwamandla okucindezela kanye nokuhlanzeka

Ukukhetha phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo kudinga ukulinganisela izidingo zokucindezela ngokumelene nezidingo zokugcinwa kanye nokuhlanzeka. Ijoyinti elinentambo lingase lishibhile futhi libe lula, kodwa izikhala ezincane kakhulu ezintanjeni ziyizicupho ezaziwayo zamagciwane kanye nemidiya egqwalisayo.

Njengoba ithebula libonisa, izinhlelo zezimboni ezinomfutho ophezulu zincike kakhulu kuma-socket nama-butt welds, kuyilapho izinhlelo zokuhlanza zilahla amakhono omfutho ophezulu ukuze kuhlanzeke kahle kakhulu ama-clamp fittings akhethekile.

Indlela yokuhlola ukufakwa kwamapayipi ensimbi engagqwali

Ukuhlola ukufakwa kwamapayipi ensimbi engagqwali kudinga ukubheka ngale kwengaphandle elikhazimulayo bese umba imininingwane yensimbi kanye nobukhulu. Ukufakwa kungase kubukeke kuphelele eshalofini, kodwa uma ishejuli yalo, i-alloy, noma isigaba sokucindezela singahambisani nezidingo zesistimu, kuba yisibopho esisheshayo.

Onjiniyela kanye namaqembu okuthenga kumele bahlanganise izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo ngokumelene nendawo yokusebenza elindelekile ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuphila isikhathi eside. Lokhu kusho ukunaka kakhulu umehluko webanga, amazinga okukhiqiza, kanye namaphepha afakazela ukuthi ukufaneleka yilokho kanye umenzi athi kuyikho.

Ukukhetha insimbi engagqwali engu-304 vs 316

Impikiswano phakathi kwensimbi engagqwali engu-304 nengu-316 yisinqumo sezinto ezivame kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamapayipi. Ibanga 304 liqukethe cishe i-18% ye-chromium kanye ne-8% ye-nickel, okwenza kube umsebenzi oyisisekelo omuhle kakhulu wamanzi ahlanzekile, ingqalasizinda yangaphakathi, kanye nezindawo zamakhemikhali ezithambile.

Ibanga 316 lithatha leso sisekelo futhi lengeza i-molybdenum engu-2% kuya ku-3%. Lokho kwengeza okuncane kwandisa kakhulu ukumelana kwensimbi nama-chloride kanye nezinyibilikisi zezimboni. Uma ipayipi lihamba eduze nogu, liphatha usawoti wokususa i-icing, noma liphethe amakhemikhali anamandla, i-316 iyisinqumo esijwayelekile. Ngenxa ye-molybdenum ne-nickel ezengeziwe, izihlanganisi ezingu-316 ngokuvamile zibiza ngaphezu kuka-20% kuya ku-30% kunezilingani zazo ezingu-304. Ukucacisa uhlobo lwe-“L” (njenge-316L) kubalulekile futhi ezihlanganisini ezihlanganisiwe, njengoba okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okuphansi (okuphezulu okungu-0.03%) kuvimbela imvula ye-carbide ngesikhathi sokushisela, kugcina ukumelana nokugqwala emalungeni.

Ubukhulu, amashejuli, amakilasi okucindezela, kanye nezindinganiso

Izithako zilawulwa yizindinganiso eziqinile zobukhulu kanye nengcindezi ukuqinisekisa ukushintshana komhlaba wonke. Izithako zokushisela izinqe zivame ukuhambisana ne-ASME B16.9, enquma ubukhulu, ukubekezelelana, kanye nobukhulu bodonga. Ubukhulu bodonga buboniswa yipayipi ethi “Ishejuli”—osayizi abavamile bafaka phakathi iShejuli 10 (udonga oluncane, isib., amasentimitha angu-0.109 epayipini elingamasentimitha angu-2), iShejuli 40 (ejwayelekile, amasentimitha angu-0.237), kanye neShejuli 80 (esinda kakhulu, amasentimitha angu-0.343). Ishejuli yokufakwa kumele ifane ncamashi nepayipi eliseduze ukuvimbela ukugeleza okuguqukayo kanye namaphuzu abuthakathaka.

Ukufakwa okwenziwe ngobumba, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo zokushisela ezifakwe imicu kanye nezinesokhethi, kuwela ngaphansi kwezindinganiso ze-ASME B16.11. Esikhundleni samashejuli, lokhu kukalwa ngezigaba zokucindezela: 3000#, 6000#, kanye no-9000#. Ukufakwa kwe-3000# ngokuvamile kubhangqwa nepayipi le-Schedule 80, kuyilapho ukuhlanganiswa kwe-6000# kubhangqwa ne-Schedule 160. Ukusebenzisa amakilasi namashejuli angalingani kuyindlela esheshayo yokufinyelela ejoyintini eliqhumile.

Izinga lokushisa, i-media chemistry, ukuqeda ubuso, kanye nokulandeleka

Ngisho ne-alloy efanele kanye neshejuli kungahluleka uma izici zesibili zinganakwa. Izinga lokushisa linciphisa kakhulu amandla okucindezela ensimbi engagqwali. Isibonelo, i-stainless fitting engu-316 ilahlekelwa cishe u-20% wamandla ayo okucindezela avumelekile lapho isebenza ku-400°F uma kuqhathaniswa nokushisa kwegumbi, kanye no-40% cishe ku-800°F. I-chemistry yemidiya nayo inquma ukuqeda kobuso okudingekayo; ukuqeda okujwayelekile kwezimboni ngokuvamile kusuka ku-Ra 3.2 kuya ku-6.3 µm, kanti izindawo eziqinile zibiza ukwakheka kwezikali kanye nokugqwala kwendawo.

Okokugcina, ukulandeleka akuxoxiswana ngakho ezicelweni ezibalulekile.ukufaneleka kwekhwalithikufanele ifike nombiko Wokuhlolwa Kwezinto Ezibalulekile (MTR) ohambisana ne-EN 10204 3.1. Lo mbhalo ulandelela izinga lokushisa eliqondile lensimbi, uhlinzeka ngokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwangempela kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwemishini evela emshinini wokugaya. Ngaphandle kwe-MTR, ukufakwa kuyinsimbi elahliwe engabonakali emehlweni abahloli bezimboni.

Indlela yokuthola izinto zokufaka amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali esezingeni eliphezulu

Ukuthola izinto zokufaka amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali sekuye kwaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu emakethe yomhlaba wonke. Umehluko obonakalayo phakathi kokufakwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu, okuhambisana ngokugcwele kanye nomshini womgunyathi ongaphansi kwesilinganiso uvame ukungabonakali emehlweni enyama. Ukuthembela kuphela kumuntu onikeza isaphulelo esincane kakhulu kuyisu eliyingozi lapho ubuqotho benqubo busengozini.

Ukuthuthukisa inqubo eqinile yokuthola ulwazi kusho ukuhlola lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka, kusukela emshinini owathulula insimbi eluhlaza kuya kumsabalalisi ogcina izindololwane nama-tee aqediwe. Indlela yokuthatha isinyathelo sokuthola ulwazi ivimbela ukubambezeleka kwephrojekthi okubizayo kanye nokwehluleka kwensimu okubi kakhulu.

Abakhiqizi abafanelekayo, izigayo, kanye nabasabalalisi

Isinyathelo sokuqala ekutholeni izinto ngokuphephile ukusungula Uhlu Lwabakhiqizi Abagunyaziwe (i-AML). Abathengi abahloniphekile bazokwamukela kuphela izinto zokufakelwa ezivela kubakhiqizi abagcina izitifiketi ze-ISO 9001 ezisebenzayo futhi abanomlando oqinisekisiwe embonini ethile. Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezigayo (ezikhiqiza ipayipi eluhlaza noma i-billet) kanye ne-abakhiqizi bokufaka(okubumba, ukugoba, nomshini umkhiqizo wokugcina).

Abasabalalisi nabo badlala indima ebalulekile. Umsabalalisi wesigaba sokuqala uzohlola abalingani bakhe bokukhiqiza njalo futhi agcine izinqubo eziqinile zokuvalelwa ngaphandle kwezinto ezingahambisani. Lapho uthenga, buza abasabalalisi ngezinqubo zabo zokufaneleka kwabathengisi; uma bethenga emakethe evulekile ngaphandle kokuhlola imvelaphi, ingozi yokuthola ama-alloy axubile noma angaphansi kwesilinganiso iyanda.

Ukuhlolwa, imibhalo, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuhlolwa

Ukwethemba amaphepha kuhle, kodwa ukuqinisekisa umkhiqizo ongokoqobo kungcono.

Indlela yokukhetha izinto zokufaka ipayipi lensimbi engagqwali ezifanele

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Iziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesizathu sokufakwa kwamapayipi ensimbi engagqwali
• Imininingwane, ukuhambisana, kanye nokuhlolwa kwengozi okufanele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuthi uzibophezele
• Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezisebenzayo kanye nezixwayiso abafundi abangazisebenzisa ngokushesha

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Zisetshenziselwani izinto zokufaka amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali?

Zixhuma, ziqondise kabusha, zihlukanise, noma zinciphise amapayipi ezinhlelweni zokuphatha uketshezi ngenkathi zisiza ekugcineni ingcindezi, ukuvala, ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye nokuphepha kohlelo.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zokufaka insimbi engagqwali ezivame kakhulu?

Izinhlobo ezivamile zifaka phakathi izindololwane, ama-tee, ama-reducer, ama-cross, ama-coupling, ama-union, ama-cap, ama-plug, ama-flange, kanye nezinto zokufaka ezifakwe izintambo noma ezihlanganisiwe.

Ngingayikhetha kanjani ipayipi lensimbi engagqwali elifanele?

Qondanisa ukufakwa nosayizi wepayipi, isilinganiso sokucindezela, izinga lokushisa, uhlobo loketshezi, ingozi yokugqwala, indlela yokuxhuma, kanye nezindinganiso zemboni ezisebenzayo.

Ingabe izinto zokufaka insimbi engagqwali zifanelekile ezinhlelweni zokucindezela okuphezulu?

Yebo, uma kuchazwe kahle. Izinhlelo zokucindezela okuphezulu zingadinga ukufakwa odongeni olusindayo, amazinga afanele e-alloy, kanye nezilinganiso eziqinisekisiwe zokucindezela okusebenzayo.

Kufanele kusetshenziswe nini izinsimbi zensimbi ezingagqwali ezingu-316?

Sebenzisa insimbi engagqwali engu-316 ezindaweni ezicebile nge-chloride, zasolwandle, zamakhemikhali, noma ezinzima lapho kudingeka khona ukumelana okungcono kokufaka imigodi nokugqwala kune-304.